Websites
- East Africa's forgotten slave trade – DW.com
- “Gaddafi apologizes for Arab slave traders,” US Slave, Wednesday, July 24, 2013.
- Johnson, Elizabeth Ofosuah. “The chilling details of the Arab Slave Trade in Africa and the barbaric castration of black boys,” Face2Face, March 26, 2019.
- Lewis, Bernard. Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 1992.
- Malik, Nesrine. “African-Arab relations have much more to offer than Gaddafi-style politics,” The Guardian, Sep 21, 2011.
- Montana, Ismael Musah. Slavery, Islam and Diaspora. United Kingdom: Africa World Press, 2009.